Differences in the activity and bacterial community structure of drained grassland and forest peat soils

The microbial activity and bacterial community structure were investigated in two types of peat soil in a temperate marsh. The first, a drained grassland fen soil, has a neutral pH with partially degraded peat in the upper oxic soil horizons (16% soil organic carbon). The second, a bog soil, was sampled in a swampy forest and has a very high soil organic carbon content (45%), a low pH (4.5), and has occasional anoxic conditions in the upper soil horizons due to the high water table level. The microbial activity in the two soils was measured as the basal and substrate-induced respiration (SIR). Unexpectedly, the SIR (μl CO₂ g⁻¹ dry soil) was higher in the bog than in the fen soil, but lower when CO₂ production was expressed per volume of soil. This may be explained by the notable difference in the bulk densities of the two soils. The bacterial communities were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling of 16S rRNA genes and indicated differences between the two soils. The differences were determined by the soil characteristics rather than the season in which the soil was sampled. The 16S rRNA gene libraries, constructed from the two soils, revealed high proportions of sequences assigned to the Acidobacteria phylum. Each library contained a distinct set of phylogenetic subgroups of this important group of bacteria.     

木质生物质能源树种生物量数量分析

由于非再生能源资源量有限,生物质能的开发和利用就具有越来越重要的意义. 该文通过对中国能源林树种的单位面积生物量与产单位标煤热值生物量所需土地的面积及生产木质燃料所需成本三者之间的关系进行分析,在三者之间建立数学模型;并通过时间序列方法预测未来煤炭的价格,将各能源林树种生产木质燃料的成本与煤炭价格进行比较分析,最终确定目前可以利用哪些能源树种生产成型木质燃料来替代煤炭,从数量上提供可行的依据.      

不同容器基质苦楝的育苗效果及其评价

为寻求适宜苦楝种子育苗的容器基质,利用容器育苗成型技术,在泥炭中添加不同比例的珍珠岩和蛭石,研究不同容器育苗基质对苦楝种子出苗及生长的影响,并采用因子分析法对苦楝的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：T3（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=1:1）和T5（V泥炭:V蛭石=2:1）处理苦楝叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率显著低于其他处理,T4（V泥炭:V蛭石=3:1）处理的光合速率和蒸腾速率相对较强。T1（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=3:1）和T2（V泥炭:V珍珠岩=2:1）处理的苦楝出苗率最高,均达到了97.9%,T3、T5和T7（V泥炭:V蛭石:V珍珠岩=6:1:1）处理显著低于其他试验处理,分别仅为88.7%、85.4%和85.4%。多重比较结果表明,T2、T6（V泥炭:V蛭石=1:1）和T7的株高和地径显著大于其他试验处理,而T5处理则显著低于试验处理,T6处理的地上部生物量和地下部生物量相对较高,而T3和T5处理的生物量显著最低,各处理间不同指标的表现并不完全吻合。利用因子分析法综合评价不同容器育苗基质苦楝的育苗效果是适宜的。对苦楝的出苗率、株高、地径、地上部分和地下部分鲜重等5个指标进行因子分析,结果表明,T6为苦楝容器育苗最佳配比基质,其次为T7和T4,T3综合育苗效果最差。     

Spatial patterns of litter-dwelling taxa in relation to the amounts of coarse woody debris in European temperate deciduous forests

We studied the leaf litter-dwelling fauna of managed deciduous forests and primeval reference sites in Western and Central Europe and addressed the questions if the higher overall species richness close to downed coarse woody debris (CWD) is related to intra-specific or inter-specific aggregation, if the aggregation pattern changes with the amount of CWD on the forest floor, and how much CWD is needed for different taxa. The analysis is based on shelled Gastropoda, Diplopoda/Isopoda, Chilopoda and Coleoptera. Among-sample heterogeneity was lower close to CWD than distant from CWD. This was most pronounced in Diplopoda/Isopoda and Gastropoda. Diplopoda/Isopoda are comparatively mobile and assemblages were already quite homogenous close to CWD at levels above 5 m³ downed deadwood ha⁻¹. Gastropoda have a low mobility, and more than 20 m³ downed deadwood ha⁻¹ is needed for assemblage homogeneity. We further focused on the Gastropoda as sensitive indicators. Enhanced densities and species richness close to CWD were not a simple function of leaf litter weight, thus effects of densities on heterogeneity are not solely driven by leaf litter accumulation close to CWD. In contrast to euryecious litter-dwellers such as the Punctidae, stenecious slow active dispersers such as the Clausiliidae clearly require more than 20 m³ CWD ha⁻¹ for an even distribution. Specialists depending on CWD even seem to have gone extinct in some managed forests. For conserving the litter-dwelling fauna, we propose a target of at least 20 m³ downed CWD ha⁻¹ in already managed forests and rigorous restrictions for deadwood removal from still (almost) pristine systems.     

小兴安岭典型泥炭沼泽土壤水分物理性质研究

对小兴安岭5类典型泥炭沼泽土壤水分物理性质进行对比研究,结果表明:落叶松-杜香-泥炭藓沼泽土壤容重最小,非毛管孔隙最高,持水性最好;漂筏苔草沼泽和油桦-笃斯越桔-修氏苔草沼泽次之,修氏苔草沼泽和白桦-油桦-小叶章沼泽相对较差.落叶松-杜香-泥炭藓沼泽0～40 cm平均土壤容重为0.06g·cm-3,非毛管孔隙31.69%,总孔隙度高迭87.19%,平均土壤质量含水量、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别为1130.1%、1586.57%、1007.71%和882.70%,是对照林地的56.6倍、26.4倍、24.9倍和25.5倍.在5类泥炭沼泽中,白桦-油桦-小叶章沼泽0～40 cm平均土壤容重最高(0.74 g·cm-3),总孔隙度最低(62.02%),土壤各持水指标均最小,但其持水指标均显著高于对照林地.     

崇西潮滩湿地木本工程物种引种的初步研究

崇西湖滩湿地高潮区引种工程物种成活率及生长状况的研究结果表明：（1）根据物种的成活率来看,对潮汐干扰适应性表现最好的物种有落雨杉、沼生栎和喜树;表现较好的有细叶水团花、江南桤木、木麻黄、枫杨、重阳木、鸟桕和白杜;表现一般的有彩叶杞柳、海滨木槿和构树;表现较差的为常青白蜡;不能适应的有美国复叶槭、朴树、榉树、苦楝、枸杞、桑和枣。除了喜树和构树没有变化外,其他工程物种第2年的成活率较第1年都有了不同程度的下降;（2）综合各工程物种引种2年后的生长指标（高度、冠辐和胸径等）,成活的乔木物种中,江南桤木的生长态势最好,生长速度最快,其他生长态势较好的有落雨杉、沼生栎和木麻黄;成活的灌木中,海滨木槿、彩叶杞柳和细叶水团花的生长态势较好;（3）综合引种物种的成活率和生长指标,崇西湿地高潮区在今后大规模营建有林湿地的过程中,江南桤木是应该重点引种的乔木物种,其他推荐的引种乔木还有落雨杉、沼生栎、木麻黄;细叶水团花是最适宜引种的灌木,而彩叶杞柳和海滨木槿可以进行适量的引种,并加以精细的维护和管理,同样可以达到增加景观多样性的效果。     

甘肃省葡萄科木本植物种类及分布

甘肃产葡萄科木本植物4属20种1亚种8变种,绝大多数分布于全省天然林区,个别人工栽培;在多年调查研究的基础上,首次报道了甘肃葡萄科木本植物种类及分布。     

多年生木本植物季节性休眠的分子机制

季节性休眠是多年生植物在生态和进化上的一种“权衡”机制,也是植物界多样性生存策略的组成部分。林木季节性休眠的机理研究已经在多个物种中开展,涉及生理学、细胞学和分子生物学等众多领域。在林木中发现的CO/FT调控机制,揭示了植物“休眠”的本质。一旦生长停止,植物休眠便进入程序性阶段,并最终导致分生组织细胞对生长信号响应能力的完全丧失。研究表明,林木在响应环境信号中止或恢复生长发育的过程中存在复杂的分子调控网络。本文着重阐述了多年生木本植物在季节性休眠的诱导、建立和解除过程中的分子调控机理。     

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded. Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots (4 m²) within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to 36 families were recorded. The diversity of species (H′) is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were 8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural forest and the plantation. The E. grandis plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitia ferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species.     

森林粗木质物残体（CWD）的研究进展

森林粗木质物残体（CWD）在保持森林生态系统的完整性方面发挥着重要的生态功能,影响着系统内外相关的生物和非生物过程,不仅为微生物、节肢动物、鸟类以及哺乳动物提供栖息环境,也是生态系统中重要的碳库和养分库,而且在减少土壤侵蚀和森林水文生态方面具重要的作用．文章总结了CWD的研究历史及状况,系统地阐述了CWD的形成和来源、贮量、分解、碳元素和营养元素的贮藏功能以及CWD对森林的更新作用、对生物多样性的维持和水文生态功能等．对今后CWD研究的重点及方向提出了建议．